HTML Entity Reference

<

Less than sign

Less than. Escape inside text content and attribute values so the parser does not read it as the start of a tag.

U+003C • dec 60 • hex 3C

>

Greater than sign

Greater than. Encode in text content for clean parsing; some legacy parsers also require it inside CDATA-like contexts.

U+003E • dec 62 • hex 3E

"

Quotation mark

Straight double quote. Always escape inside double-quoted attribute values to avoid closing the attribute early.

U+0022 • dec 34 • hex 22

'

Apostrophe

Straight single quote. ' is valid in HTML5 and XML; in legacy HTML4 contexts use ' for maximum compatibility.

U+0027 • dec 39 • hex 27

 

No-break space

Non-breaking space. Use to glue words that should not wrap across lines: numbers and units, names and titles, or to keep table cells visible when empty.

U+00A0 • dec 160 • hex A0

 

En space

Half of an em space, equivalent to the width of an N. Used in fine typesetting.

U+2002 • dec 8194 • hex 2002

 

Em space

A full em wide. Often used between author and title in citations or to indent first lines.

U+2003 • dec 8195 • hex 2003

 

Thin space

Thin sliver of space. Useful between number and unit (10 kg) or between initials.

U+2009 • dec 8201 • hex 2009

​

Zero width space

Invisible break opportunity. Lets long URLs or CamelCase identifiers wrap without inserting a visible space. No named entity in HTML5.

U+200B • dec 8203 • hex 200B

‍

Zero width joiner

Joins adjacent characters into a single ligature. Used in Indic scripts, Arabic, and emoji sequences.

U+200D • dec 8205 • hex 200D

‌

Zero width non-joiner

Prevents two characters from forming a ligature. Useful in Arabic, Persian, and Devanagari text.

U+200C • dec 8204 • hex 200C

­

Soft hyphen

Invisible suggested hyphenation point. Only renders when the browser decides to break the word at that location.

U+00AD • dec 173 • hex AD

–

En dash

En dash. Use between numeric ranges (pages 12 - 18, 1990 - 1999) and to indicate a connection between two equal items.

U+2013 • dec 8211 • hex 2013

—

Em dash

The wide dash used for strong breaks in a sentence. Many style guides set it without surrounding spaces; others (AP, BBC) use space + dash + space.

U+2014 • dec 8212 • hex 2014

…

Horizontal ellipsis

Three-dot ellipsis as a single character. Prefer this over three periods so screen readers and editors treat it as one glyph.

U+2026 • dec 8230 • hex 2026

·

Middle dot

Vertically centered dot used as a separator in breadcrumbs, lists, and in some European typesetting traditions.

U+00B7 • dec 183 • hex B7

•

Bullet

Round bullet point character. Useful in plain-text lists when CSS bullet lists are not available.

U+2022 • dec 8226 • hex 2022

‧

Hyphenation point

Used in dictionaries to mark where a word may be hyphenated. No named HTML entity.

U+2027 • dec 8231 • hex 2027

‐

Hyphen

True Unicode hyphen, distinct from the keyboard hyphen-minus (U+002D). Some style guides prefer it for line-internal hyphens.

U+2010 • dec 8208 • hex 2010

¡

Inverted exclamation mark

Inverted exclamation used to open exclamative sentences in Spanish.

U+00A1 • dec 161 • hex A1

¿

Inverted question mark

Inverted question used to open interrogative sentences in Spanish.

U+00BF • dec 191 • hex BF

‘

Left single quotation mark

Opening curly single quote. Used as the opening quote in single-quoted speech and for apostrophes in some style guides.

U+2018 • dec 8216 • hex 2018

’

Right single quotation mark

Closing curly single quote. Also the typographically correct apostrophe in English contractions (it’s, won’t).

U+2019 • dec 8217 • hex 2019

“

Left double quotation mark

Opening curly double quote, used as the opening quote in English prose.

U+201C • dec 8220 • hex 201C

”

Right double quotation mark

Closing curly double quote.

U+201D • dec 8221 • hex 201D

„

Double low-9 quotation mark

Low double quote, used as the opening quote in German, Polish, and other Central European languages.

U+201E • dec 8222 • hex 201E

‚

Single low-9 quotation mark

Low single quote, used as the opening single quote in many European languages.

U+201A • dec 8218 • hex 201A

«

Left-pointing double angle quotation mark

Left guillemet, used as the opening quotation mark in French, Russian, and Spanish typesetting.

U+00AB • dec 171 • hex AB

»

Right-pointing double angle quotation mark

Right guillemet, used as the closing quotation mark in French and similar typesetting.

U+00BB • dec 187 • hex BB

‹

Single left-pointing angle quotation mark

Single left guillemet, used for inner quotations in French typesetting.

U+2039 • dec 8249 • hex 2039

›

Single right-pointing angle quotation mark

Single right guillemet, used for inner quotations in French typesetting.

U+203A • dec 8250 • hex 203A

$

Dollar sign

US dollar sign and shared symbol for many currencies (CAD, AUD, NZD, ARS). The dedicated currency code (USD, CAD) avoids ambiguity in international content.

U+0024 • dec 36 • hex 24

¢

Cent sign

Cent sign. Used informally for amounts under one dollar.

U+00A2 • dec 162 • hex A2

£

Pound sign

British pound sterling.

U+00A3 • dec 163 • hex A3

¥

Yen sign

Japanese yen and Chinese yuan share the same glyph.

U+00A5 • dec 165 • hex A5

€

Euro sign

European Union euro.

U+20AC • dec 8364 • hex 20AC

₹

Indian rupee sign

Indian rupee. Introduced in 2010 to replace the older Rs prefix.

U+20B9 • dec 8377 • hex 20B9

₩

Won sign

Korean won.

U+20A9 • dec 8361 • hex 20A9

₽

Ruble sign

Russian ruble, in use since 2013.

U+20BD • dec 8381 • hex 20BD

₺

Turkish lira sign

Turkish lira, adopted in 2012.

U+20BA • dec 8378 • hex 20BA

¤

Currency sign

Generic currency placeholder used when a specific symbol is not available.

U+00A4 • dec 164 • hex A4

×

Multiplication sign

Multiplication cross. Used instead of the letter x for clarity.

U+00D7 • dec 215 • hex D7

÷

Division sign

Division (obelus) sign.

U+00F7 • dec 247 • hex F7

±

Plus-minus sign

Plus or minus, used for tolerances and confidence intervals.

U+00B1 • dec 177 • hex B1

≠

Not equal to

Inequality.

U+2260 • dec 8800 • hex 2260

≤

Less than or equal to

Less than or equal to.

U+2264 • dec 8804 • hex 2264

≥

Greater than or equal to

Greater than or equal to.

U+2265 • dec 8805 • hex 2265

≈

Almost equal to

Approximately equal to.

U+2248 • dec 8776 • hex 2248

∞

Infinity

Infinity sign.

U+221E • dec 8734 • hex 221E

√

Square root

Square root.

U+221A • dec 8730 • hex 221A

∑

N-ary summation

Summation big operator.

U+2211 • dec 8721 • hex 2211

∏

N-ary product

Product big operator.

U+220F • dec 8719 • hex 220F

∫

Integral

Integral sign.

U+222B • dec 8747 • hex 222B

∂

Partial differential

Partial derivative.

U+2202 • dec 8706 • hex 2202

∇

Nabla

Gradient operator, often called nabla or del.

U+2207 • dec 8711 • hex 2207

°

Degree sign

Degree symbol used in angles and temperatures.

U+00B0 • dec 176 • hex B0

′

Prime

Prime mark, used for feet, minutes of arc, and derivatives.

U+2032 • dec 8242 • hex 2032

″

Double prime

Double prime, used for inches, seconds of arc, and second derivatives.

U+2033 • dec 8243 • hex 2033

½

Vulgar fraction one half

One half as a single typographic glyph.

U+00BD • dec 189 • hex BD

¼

Vulgar fraction one quarter

One quarter as a single typographic glyph.

U+00BC • dec 188 • hex BC

¾

Vulgar fraction three quarters

Three quarters as a single typographic glyph.

U+00BE • dec 190 • hex BE

²

Superscript two

Squared. Useful for inline notation like m².

U+00B2 • dec 178 • hex B2

³

Superscript three

Cubed. Useful for inline notation like m³.

U+00B3 • dec 179 • hex B3

∈

Element of

Set membership.

U+2208 • dec 8712 • hex 2208

∉

Not an element of

Negated set membership.

U+2209 • dec 8713 • hex 2209

∪

Union

Set union.

U+222A • dec 8746 • hex 222A

∩

Intersection

Set intersection.

U+2229 • dec 8745 • hex 2229

∀

For all

Universal quantifier.

U+2200 • dec 8704 • hex 2200

∃

There exists

Existential quantifier.

U+2203 • dec 8707 • hex 2203

Α

Greek capital letter Alpha

Visually identical to a Latin A.

U+0391 • dec 913 • hex 391

Β

Greek capital letter Beta

Visually identical to a Latin B.

U+0392 • dec 914 • hex 392

Γ

Greek capital letter Gamma

Gamma function and Lorentz factor.

U+0393 • dec 915 • hex 393

Δ

Greek capital letter Delta

Change or difference operator.

U+0394 • dec 916 • hex 394

Ε

Greek capital letter Epsilon

Visually identical to a Latin E.

U+0395 • dec 917 • hex 395

Ζ

Greek capital letter Zeta

Visually identical to a Latin Z.

U+0396 • dec 918 • hex 396

Η

Greek capital letter Eta

Visually identical to a Latin H.

U+0397 • dec 919 • hex 397

Θ

Greek capital letter Theta

Big-Theta complexity.

U+0398 • dec 920 • hex 398

Ι

Greek capital letter Iota

Visually identical to a Latin I.

U+0399 • dec 921 • hex 399

Κ

Greek capital letter Kappa

Visually identical to a Latin K.

U+039A • dec 922 • hex 39A

Λ

Greek capital letter Lambda

Cosmological constant.

U+039B • dec 923 • hex 39B

Μ

Greek capital letter Mu

Visually identical to a Latin M.

U+039C • dec 924 • hex 39C

Ν

Greek capital letter Nu

Visually identical to a Latin N.

U+039D • dec 925 • hex 39D

Ξ

Greek capital letter Xi

Used as a variable name in math.

U+039E • dec 926 • hex 39E

Ο

Greek capital letter Omicron

Visually identical to a Latin O.

U+039F • dec 927 • hex 39F

Π

Greek capital letter Pi

Product big operator.

U+03A0 • dec 928 • hex 3A0

Ρ

Greek capital letter Rho

Visually identical to a Latin P.

U+03A1 • dec 929 • hex 3A1

Σ

Greek capital letter Sigma

Summation big operator.

U+03A3 • dec 931 • hex 3A3

Τ

Greek capital letter Tau

Visually identical to a Latin T.

U+03A4 • dec 932 • hex 3A4

Υ

Greek capital letter Upsilon

Used in math and physics.

U+03A5 • dec 933 • hex 3A5

Φ

Greek capital letter Phi

Cumulative normal distribution function.

U+03A6 • dec 934 • hex 3A6

Χ

Greek capital letter Chi

Visually identical to a Latin X.

U+03A7 • dec 935 • hex 3A7

Ψ

Greek capital letter Psi

Used in math and physics.

U+03A8 • dec 936 • hex 3A8

Ω

Greek capital letter Omega

Big-Omega complexity and ohms.

U+03A9 • dec 937 • hex 3A9

α

Greek small letter alpha

Significance level and angle variable.

U+03B1 • dec 945 • hex 3B1

β

Greek small letter beta

Regression coefficients and angles.

U+03B2 • dec 946 • hex 3B2

γ

Greek small letter gamma

Lorentz factor and rates.

U+03B3 • dec 947 • hex 3B3

δ

Greek small letter delta

Small change and Dirac delta.

U+03B4 • dec 948 • hex 3B4

ε

Greek small letter epsilon

Machine epsilon and error term.

U+03B5 • dec 949 • hex 3B5

ζ

Greek small letter zeta

Riemann zeta function.

U+03B6 • dec 950 • hex 3B6

η

Greek small letter eta

Efficiency and viscosity.

U+03B7 • dec 951 • hex 3B7

θ

Greek small letter theta

Standard angle variable in trigonometry.

U+03B8 • dec 952 • hex 3B8

ι

Greek small letter iota

Sometimes used for an inclusion map.

U+03B9 • dec 953 • hex 3B9

κ

Greek small letter kappa

Curvature and condition number.

U+03BA • dec 954 • hex 3BA

λ

Greek small letter lambda

Wavelengths, eigenvalues, and rate parameters.

U+03BB • dec 955 • hex 3BB

μ

Greek small letter mu

Population mean and friction coefficient.

U+03BC • dec 956 • hex 3BC

ν

Greek small letter nu

Frequency and degrees of freedom.

U+03BD • dec 957 • hex 3BD

ξ

Greek small letter xi

Used as a random variable.

U+03BE • dec 958 • hex 3BE

ο

Greek small letter omicron

Visually identical to a Latin o.

U+03BF • dec 959 • hex 3BF

π

Greek small letter pi

Mathematical constant pi (3.14159...).

U+03C0 • dec 960 • hex 3C0

ρ

Greek small letter rho

Density and correlation coefficient.

U+03C1 • dec 961 • hex 3C1

σ

Greek small letter sigma

Standard deviation.

U+03C3 • dec 963 • hex 3C3

ς

Greek small letter final sigma

End-of-word form of sigma in Greek text.

U+03C2 • dec 962 • hex 3C2

τ

Greek small letter tau

Time constants and torque.

U+03C4 • dec 964 • hex 3C4

υ

Greek small letter upsilon

Used in math and physics.

U+03C5 • dec 965 • hex 3C5

φ

Greek small letter phi

Golden ratio and Euler totient.

U+03C6 • dec 966 • hex 3C6

χ

Greek small letter chi

Used in chi-squared tests.

U+03C7 • dec 967 • hex 3C7

ψ

Greek small letter psi

Wave function in quantum mechanics.

U+03C8 • dec 968 • hex 3C8

ω

Greek small letter omega

Angular frequency.

U+03C9 • dec 969 • hex 3C9

←

Leftwards arrow

Single left arrow.

U+2190 • dec 8592 • hex 2190

↑

Upwards arrow

Single up arrow.

U+2191 • dec 8593 • hex 2191

→

Rightwards arrow

Single right arrow.

U+2192 • dec 8594 • hex 2192

↓

Downwards arrow

Single down arrow.

U+2193 • dec 8595 • hex 2193

↔

Left right arrow

Bidirectional horizontal arrow.

U+2194 • dec 8596 • hex 2194

⇐

Leftwards double arrow

Double left arrow, often read as 'is implied by'.

U+21D0 • dec 8656 • hex 21D0

⇑

Upwards double arrow

Double up arrow.

U+21D1 • dec 8657 • hex 21D1

⇒

Rightwards double arrow

Double right arrow, often read as 'implies'.

U+21D2 • dec 8658 • hex 21D2

⇓

Downwards double arrow

Double down arrow.

U+21D3 • dec 8659 • hex 21D3

⇔

Left right double arrow

Double bidirectional arrow, 'if and only if'.

U+21D4 • dec 8660 • hex 21D4

↵

Downwards arrow with corner leftwards

Carriage return symbol.

U+21B5 • dec 8629 • hex 21B5

À

Latin capital letter A with grave

Capital A with grave accent.

U+00C0 • dec 192 • hex C0

Á

Latin capital letter A with acute

Capital A with acute accent.

U+00C1 • dec 193 • hex C1

Â

Latin capital letter A with circumflex

Capital A with circumflex.

U+00C2 • dec 194 • hex C2

Ã

Latin capital letter A with tilde

Capital A with tilde.

U+00C3 • dec 195 • hex C3

Ä

Latin capital letter A with diaeresis

Capital A with umlaut, common in German.

U+00C4 • dec 196 • hex C4

Å

Latin capital letter A with ring above

Capital A with ring, common in Scandinavian languages.

U+00C5 • dec 197 • hex C5

Æ

Latin capital letter AE

Ash ligature.

U+00C6 • dec 198 • hex C6

Ç

Latin capital letter C with cedilla

Capital C cedilla, common in French and Portuguese.

U+00C7 • dec 199 • hex C7

È

Latin capital letter E with grave

Capital E with grave accent.

U+00C8 • dec 200 • hex C8

É

Latin capital letter E with acute

Capital E with acute accent.

U+00C9 • dec 201 • hex C9

Ê

Latin capital letter E with circumflex

Capital E with circumflex.

U+00CA • dec 202 • hex CA

Ë

Latin capital letter E with diaeresis

Capital E with umlaut.

U+00CB • dec 203 • hex CB

Ñ

Latin capital letter N with tilde

Capital N with tilde, Spanish eñe.

U+00D1 • dec 209 • hex D1

Ö

Latin capital letter O with diaeresis

Capital O with umlaut.

U+00D6 • dec 214 • hex D6

Ü

Latin capital letter U with diaeresis

Capital U with umlaut.

U+00DC • dec 220 • hex DC

ß

Latin small letter sharp S

German eszett (sharp s).

U+00DF • dec 223 • hex DF

à

Latin small letter a with grave

Lowercase a with grave accent.

U+00E0 • dec 224 • hex E0

á

Latin small letter a with acute

Lowercase a with acute accent.

U+00E1 • dec 225 • hex E1

â

Latin small letter a with circumflex

Lowercase a with circumflex.

U+00E2 • dec 226 • hex E2

ã

Latin small letter a with tilde

Lowercase a with tilde, common in Portuguese.

U+00E3 • dec 227 • hex E3

ä

Latin small letter a with diaeresis

Lowercase a with umlaut.

U+00E4 • dec 228 • hex E4

å

Latin small letter a with ring above

Lowercase a with ring.

U+00E5 • dec 229 • hex E5

æ

Latin small letter ae

Lowercase ash ligature.

U+00E6 • dec 230 • hex E6

ç

Latin small letter c with cedilla

Lowercase c cedilla.

U+00E7 • dec 231 • hex E7

è

Latin small letter e with grave

Lowercase e with grave accent.

U+00E8 • dec 232 • hex E8

é

Latin small letter e with acute

Lowercase e with acute accent, common in café, résumé.

U+00E9 • dec 233 • hex E9

ê

Latin small letter e with circumflex

Lowercase e with circumflex.

U+00EA • dec 234 • hex EA

ë

Latin small letter e with diaeresis

Lowercase e with umlaut.

U+00EB • dec 235 • hex EB

ñ

Latin small letter n with tilde

Spanish eñe.

U+00F1 • dec 241 • hex F1

ó

Latin small letter o with acute

Lowercase o with acute accent.

U+00F3 • dec 243 • hex F3

ö

Latin small letter o with diaeresis

Lowercase o with umlaut.

U+00F6 • dec 246 • hex F6

ü

Latin small letter u with diaeresis

Lowercase u with umlaut.

U+00FC • dec 252 • hex FC

©

Copyright sign

Copyright. Use next to the year and name of the rights holder.

U+00A9 • dec 169 • hex A9

®

Registered sign

Registered trademark.

U+00AE • dec 174 • hex AE

™

Trade mark sign

Trademark mark, used for unregistered trademarks.

U+2122 • dec 8482 • hex 2122

§

Section sign

Section sign used to mark legal sections, statutes, and references.

U+00A7 • dec 167 • hex A7

¶

Pilcrow sign

Paragraph sign (pilcrow). Used for paragraph references in legal and academic writing.

U+00B6 • dec 182 • hex B6

†

Dagger

Dagger mark, often used as a footnote reference after the asterisk.

U+2020 • dec 8224 • hex 2020

‡

Double dagger

Double dagger, used as the third footnote reference after dagger.

U+2021 • dec 8225 • hex 2021

‰

Per mille sign

Per mille (parts per thousand).

U+2030 • dec 8240 • hex 2030

′

Prime (foot, minute)

Used for feet, minutes of arc, or derivatives. Same code point as in math.

U+2032 • dec 8242 • hex 2032

…

Horizontal ellipsis (symbol)

The same ellipsis appears in the punctuation family for convenience.

U+2026 • dec 8230 • hex 2026

♠

Black spade suit

Solid spade card suit.

U+2660 • dec 9824 • hex 2660

♣

Black club suit

Solid club card suit.

U+2663 • dec 9827 • hex 2663

♥

Black heart suit

Solid heart card suit.

U+2665 • dec 9829 • hex 2665

♦

Black diamond suit

Solid diamond card suit.

U+2666 • dec 9830 • hex 2666

♪

Eighth note

Musical eighth note.

U+266A • dec 9834 • hex 266A

♭

Music flat sign

Flat accidental in music notation.

U+266D • dec 9837 • hex 266D

♮

Music natural sign

Natural accidental in music notation.

U+266E • dec 9838 • hex 266E

♯

Music sharp sign

Sharp accidental in music notation.

U+266F • dec 9839 • hex 266F

■

Black square

Solid square. Useful in lists, checklists, and visual bullet points.

U+25A0 • dec 9632 • hex 25A0

○

White circle

Outlined circle.

U+25CB • dec 9675 • hex 25CB

★

Black star

Solid five-pointed star.

U+2605 • dec 9733 • hex 2605

☆

White star

Outlined five-pointed star.

U+2606 • dec 9734 • hex 2606

✓

Check mark

Check mark for tasks, lists, and confirmations.

U+2713 • dec 10003 • hex 2713

✗

Ballot X

X mark used as a negative check.

U+2717 • dec 10007 • hex 2717

→

Right arrow (symbol)

The same right arrow shown in the arrows family, repeated for visual reference.

U+2192 • dec 8594 • hex 2192